Leadership Strategies And Practices
Introduction
Criminal justice is said to be a system of practices and institutions of governments that are aimed at preventing crime in the society. Also, criminal justice is aimed at controlling crime. In addition, criminal justice helps maintain order in the society. Criminal justice helps punish people who have violated laws in the society using criminal penalties and rehabilitations. Most countries have established criminal justice systems. The criminal justices are similar as they play similar roles. All criminal justice are aimed at playing the roles above. The leadership strategies and practices used in criminal justice help employees in the organizations carry out their roles well.
Leadership strategies and practices provide the staff with the right knowledge to help them carry out their duties effectively. Behavioral theories help staff in criminal justice understand criminals by observing the behaviors depicted by the criminals. Apart from behavioral theory, criminal justice systems have organizational culture. The organizational culture plays an important role in the organization. It helps improve the working environment and the relationship between the employees and the criminals. The criminal justice should work hard to improve the relationship between the criminal justice and the community through planning. Improving the relation between the criminal justice and the community helps the society benefit from the organization. This paper analyzes the leadership strategies and practices. It analyzes the role of organizational culture and behavioral theory in criminal justice. It also analyzes the planning and community relations in criminal justice.
Leadership strategies and practices
Leadership is a common practice in many organizations. People define leadership differently. Leadership is said to be a process through which leaders influence other people in the organization by helping them achieve the objective. Several theories of leadership and leadership have been developed to explain leadership. For example, researchers have developed leadership styles like transformational leadership styles and transactional leadership styles. The leadership styles explain the different types of leadership that are found in organizations. The leadership styles are different and they have different effects and outcome. Leadership in any organization is important as it helps leaders guide the employees in achieving the goals set. Organizations that do not have good leadership strategies are not productive as they affect employee productivity. Also, the organizations have a wide range of problems like communication and interpersonal relationships (Purpura, 1997).
Leadership is also important in criminal justice as its helps leaders in criminal justice system help employees achieve the objectives set. Criminal justice systems have embraced management and leadership systems like other organizations in the country. Leadership in criminal justices incorporates various things. For example, leadership in criminal justice includes leadership styles used in the organization. It also includes the span of control in the criminal justice systems. Leadership is also made up of the command in the organization. A criminal justice system is made up of different element. For example, a criminal justice system consists of leaders, the society and the law enforcement officers, the courts and correctional department. The elements of a criminal justice system play different roles in the organization. For example, law enforcement officers are required to maintain law and order in the society. Leaders in criminal justice systems help the staff complete the tasks allocated and achieve their goals. Also, the society helps leaders in criminal justice formulate laws and regulations that control crime in the society.
Courts are required to examine the causes of crime. Correctional facilities punish criminals accordingly. They employ different types of punishments to correct the criminals. The members in the criminal justice system should know the mission of the criminal justice system and the roles of each member in criminal justice systems. Identifying the roles of each member in criminal justices helps eliminate conflicts in the organization. It also helps improve productivity in the criminal justice. Criminal justice systems have experienced a wide range of problems that result from poor leadership. This is because leaders in the organization do not define the roles played by the members. This makes it difficulty to achieve the goals as there is conflict of interests. The elements of a criminal justice are required to work together to prevent crime in the society (Purpura, 1997).
Defining the roles played by different people in the organization helps eliminate conflicts and improves the working environment and employee output. Criminal justice systems like other organizations are required to measure the performance of the organization and the employees. Measuring the performance of the employees helps identify whether the system is progressing well or not. The performance of the leaders is measured by the productivity in the organization. A good leader will help the criminal justice system make laws ands regulations that reduce crime in the society. He will help the departments in the organization work together. A leader is required to lead in a manner that allows the followers to emulate. Bad leaders affect productivity in the organization and they do not benefit the society. An increase in crime rate in the society indicates that the leadership in criminal justice is not good. Leaders in criminal justice are required to establish strategies to reduce the rate of crime in the society (Purpura, 1997).
Further, a criminal justice has laws and regulations. Strategic leaders in a criminal justice help formulate laws and regulations. The laws and regulation help prevent crime in the society. They also deter members in the society from committing crime. The laws and regulations should benefit the society by eliminating biasness (Purpura, 1997).
There are various attributes associated with leadership. Researchers argue that leaders should be committed to help other people in the organization accomplish the goals set. A leader whose is committed influences his followers and this increases employee output. Also, the leaders should be dedicated to reduce the rate of crime in the society. This will in turn reduce the rate of crime in the society. Apart from being dedicated a leader should be able to take risk so as to increase productivity. A strategic leader has to take risks in leadership and any other activity (Purpura, 1997).
Consequently, the strategic leader should be responsible. Leaders who are not responsible affect performance in the organization. This is because the leaders influence the attitude of other professionals in criminal justice system. Also, leaders in criminal justice system should be task oriented and initiative. This makes it easy for the leaders to help the employees achieve the goals set and develop new strategies to improve the relationship between the community and the criminal justice system. Leaders who are not innovative find it hard to develop strategies that benefit the society. This affects the objectives of the criminal justice system (Purpura, 1997).
Moreover, the leader should have decision making skills so as to make decisions that are beneficial to the society and the employees. Decision making is a difficulty process and it affects productivity in the organization. Most leaders are unable to make clear decisions. Leaders in criminal justice should be able to make clear decisions and involve other employees in decision making. Hence, this will help reduce the rate pf crime in the society and benefit the community. Lastly, a strategic leader should be confident and self reliant. He should be able to make decisions without being influenced by other people in the organization (Purpura, 1997)
Leadership involves motivating employees in the organization. Most organizations have established measures to motivate their employees so as to improve productivity. Leaders in criminal justice system should motivate their employees. The leaders should lead by example so as to allow the employees to copy them. This will improve employee motivation and production. They should also mind the needs of the employees in the organization and the society (Purpura, 1997).
Leaders in criminal justice system are required to develop leadership strategies and employ them in the organization. For example, the leaders are required to provide training to existing members in the organization and other members. This will help improve productivity among old employees and new employees. Training in the organization is vital as it helps the members acquire new skills and improve existing skills. The leaders should provide leader skills for new employees and other employees who want to become leaders. The new members should be allowed to interact with existing members so as to improve their leadership skills and develop new leadership skills (Purpura, 1997).
Leadership theories in criminal justice
Leadership theories are used to explain different types of leadership in the organization. Organizations apply different types of leadership theories. There are different types of leadership theories applied by criminal justice systems. That is transformational theory, transactional theory and style theory. Other types of leadership theory include trait theory, situational theory, contingency theory and expectancy theory. Transformational theory and transactional theory are common in criminal justice. Transformation theory is a type of leadership theory whereby the leader is aimed at bringing change in the organization. A transformational leader influences his followers to achieve the goals set. He dopes not use gifts or any other rewards to motivate employees.
Leadership is a major problem in criminal justice. This is because the leaders in criminal justice do not focus on bringing change to the organization. Most leaders in criminal justice misuse power by controlling the employees in the wrong manner. This has affected the duties of various departments in the organization. It has made it difficulty for the departments to work together so as to bring law and order in the society. The leadership has also affected the community as the community does not benefit from criminal justice systems. Transformational theory can be used to bring to the organization.
Transformational theory allows leaders to delegate duties in the organization and improve production. It also helps leaders lead by example, thus allowing the employees to emulate them. Further transformational theory allows leaders to motivate the employees. This is because leaders are able to meet the needs of the employees. This motivates the employers and they perform well. Transformational leadership can help transform criminal justice systems in the country as it prevents misuse of power. In transformational theory leaders and employees work together to meet the target set. The leaders involve employees in decision making process and this prevents illegal deals in the organization. Corruption is a major problem in criminal justice due to poor leadership. Transformation theory helps overcome malicious activities in the organization as leaders are transparent. Transformational leaders are said to be charismatic, transparent etc (Cavadino & Diagnan, 1999).
Another theory used in criminal justice is transactional theory. Most criminal justices in the country employ transactional leadership. In transactional leadership, leaders use rewards to gain attention from the employees. This affects the performance of the employees. Employees find it hard to work without being motivated. This has led to increase in crimes in the society. Transactional theory does not allow leaders to be role models. Employees find it difficulty to emulate leaders in transactional leadership. Also, transactional theory makes it difficulty for leaders to motivate their employees in the organization.
The performance of employees in various departments in criminal justice has declined because of transactional leadership. This is according to a report released on how ethical leadership can help improve leadership in criminal justice. Transactional leaders misuse power as the employees do not have any authority to make decisions or judge the leadership in place. Transactional leaders do not meet the needs of the employees and the criminal justice systems. This is because the leaders only focus on improving their lives. Transactional leaders are not able to correct criminals in the organization or train new employees and existing employees. The leaders are not aimed at achieving a common goal. The leaders command the followers to follow the instructions said. Employees are not able to express their views, hence lowering production in criminal justice (Cavadino & Diagnan, 1999).
Organizational culture in criminal justice
Organization culture refers to the beliefs, values, attitudes that are found in an organization. Organizations have different values, attitudes and beliefs. The organizational culture affects productivity in the organization. Organizations that have poor organizational culture are likely to perform poorly unlike organizations that have positive organizational culture. Also, organizational culture affects how employees relate in the organization. Organizations that have poor organizational culture have high employee turn over and conflicts. The organization culture determines how the organization relates with stakeholders. Criminal justice has an organizational culture.
The organizational culture of a criminal justice system shows the relationship between the goals of the criminal justice and the beliefs held by the employees in the system. The organizational culture in criminal justice does not encourage positive behaviors. This is because the employees in the organization are forced to carry out unethical practices. Leaders have an important role to play so as to ensure the organizational culture of the criminal justice system is good. The leaders should ensure that the organizational culture supports all the employees in the organization. The organizational culture should not ignore minority employees in the organization. Also, the organizational culture should not encourage gender inequality.
Gender inequality and discrimination of minority employees has become an issue in many organizations like criminal justice organizations. The organizational culture should be developed in the right manner so as to eliminate gender inequality and discrimination. Leaders in criminal justice system should identify strategies that will be used to ensure all the employees are treated well. The strategies should ensure that each employee has the right to participate in decision making and improving production in the organization. For example, the leaders should use diversity training to poster equality in criminal justice system (Cools, Kimpe, Easton &De Ruyver, 2009).
The workforce in many organizations has changed as firms have employed employees from different parts of the world. Most organizations have started employing minority employees. The minority employees have found it difficulty to stay in many organizations because of discriminations, gender inequality and poor organizational culture. Researchers claim that poor organizational culture has led to discrimination and gender in equality in the organizations. The minority employees have not received equal treatment with other employees in the organizations. The organizations have had high employee turn over and low productivity. The working environment in the organizations does not support minority employees. The work force in criminal justice organizations has also become diverse as the systems have employed different employees. The criminal justice system has encountered similar problems like other organizations. The criminal justice systems have recorded high rates of discrimination of minority employees and other employees. They have also had high employee turn over.
There are certain factors that can be used to identify if an organizational culture is strong or weak. The factors include flow of communication in the organization and conflict management. Also, one can use organizational policies to determine if an organizational culture is strong or weak (Cools, Kimpe, Easton &De Ruyver, 2009).
Communication is important in the organization as it determines how information moves from one person to another. Information can move via informal and formal channels. Formal channels of communication include down ward channels and upward channels. Also, lateral channels are considered to be part of formal channels. Down ward channels track the chain of command in the organization. For example, the channel shows how information flows from bottom to top. The down ward channel is most common in criminal justice system. This is because leaders communicate using the chain of command. The person at the top gives instructions that flow to other members in the organization. Down ward communication channel is important as it helps employees in criminal justice know what is happening at the top. This makes them well informed about organizational policies. Up ward communication channel can be used to solve conflicts in the organization.
Upward communication is vital in the organization as it informs leaders at the top about the problems, suggestions and the need of the employees at the lower level. Lateral channel of communication is used to organize activities in the organization, problems and feed back. It can be used to provide feedback to the employees and also resolve conflicts in the organization. The conflicts in the organization are handled at the same level. That is between the various departments in the organization. Communication is vital in the organization as it helps people resolve conflicts, provide feedback using lateral channel of communication. Organizations employ different types of channels when communicating with employees (Cools, Kimpe, Easton &De Ruyver, 2009).
Another factor that can be used to determine the type of organizational culture is conflict management. Conflicts ate common in organizations that do not have an organizational culture that supports diversity. A leader should be able to handle conflicts in the organization well. Resolving conflicts in the organization is good as it helps improve the working environment. It helps improve the relationship between the employees. Conflicts should be resolved immediately as they build up and cause damage to the organization. An organizational culture that does not support conflict management ids said to be weak. There are various causes of conflicts in the organization. The conflicts can result from failure to meet goals and deadlines. Also, conflicts can result from perf9ormsance result. Leaders in criminal justice should delegate duties well so as to ensure employees meet deadlines and improve their performance. This will help avoid conflicts. The duties should be delegated according to skills and expertise the employee has.
The organizational policies can be used to determine the organizational culture. The organizational policies should support diversity .Organizations policies influence how employees relate and also the communication. For example, organizational policies influence down ward, upward and lateral communication. Organizations that have poor communication policies have poor communications and interpersonal relationship. This implies that the organizational culture is not strong (Cools, Kimpe, Easton &De Ruyver, 2009).
Leaders in criminal justice system can use the leadership strategies below to improve organizational culture in the system. First, leaders in criminal justice system should improve communication in the organization. They should incorporate lateral communication instead of down ward communication. Lateral communication will make it easy for the organization to handle employee needs. Lateral communication encourages departments in criminal justice system to communicate with each other. This makes it easy to resolve conflicts in the organization as leaders communicate with employees at the same level. Down wards communication has affected criminal justice system by ruining the relationship between the leaders and the employees.
The leaders should employ open communication in the organization so as to improve communication among the employees. Open communication makes it easy for employees to relate well. Open communication in the organization improves problem solving in the organization. This is because problems are handling in time so as to prevent them from building. Open communication allows leaders to provide feedback to the employees. Thus, leaders in the organization should encourage open communication and lateral communication. Open communication helps prevents misuse of power among the leaders. This improves the relationship between the leaders and the workforce. Poor communication creates tension among the employees (Cools, Kimpe, Easton &De Ruyver, 2009).
Also, leaders in criminal justice should develop a positive organizational culture. The organizational culture should support minority employees. It should create a positive working environment and open communication. This will help improve the relationship between leaders and employees. Creating a positive organizational culture helps improve the performance of the employees as the employees are motivated by the working environment (Cools, Kimpe, Easton &De Ruyver, 2009).
Leaders in criminal justice should use motivation strategies to motivate the employees. Leaders who do not motivate their employees perform poorly when assessed by the society. This is because employees in the organization are productive. Motivating employees in the organization helps improve productivity. Teacher should provide training to the employees so as to improve their skills and motivate them. Training is vital as it helps improve the performance of poor employees in the organization. This motivates the employees to perform well like other employees in the organization. The leaders can use performance appraisal to assess the employee performance in the organization. Performance appraisal helps identify employees who are performing poorly and those who are performing well. This enables leaders to provide training for the employees with poor performance (Cools, Kimpe, Easton &De Ruyver, 2009).
Lastly, the leaders should create a code of ethics to guide the employees in their duties. The code of ethics will help employees know what they are supposed to do. The code of ethics should outline the rules governing racial discrimination and inequality in the organization. The code of ethics should support diversity and improve the organizational cultured. The leadership strategies will help improves leadership in criminal justice (Cools, Kimpe, Easton &De Ruyver, 2009).
Behavioral theory in criminal justice systems
Behavioral theories are used to explain criminal behaviors shown by criminals. Criminals depict different types of behaviors, but people do not understand the causes of criminal behavior. Researchers have developed various theories to explain criminal behavior. Examples of behavioral theory include social learning theory and personality theory. Social learning theory is used to explain how people learn criminal behaviors. Criminals learn criminal behaviors from other people. Children who interact with gangsters regularly are likely to commit crime more than children who do not associate with gangsters. This is because the children learn how to commit crime from the gangsters. They acquire criminal behaviors from the gangsters. Advocates for social learning theory claim that people commit crimes as a result of humiliation. For example, one can try out something and fails to get a reward. This influences him to commit crime out of frustration. Also, criminals commit crime because of emotional problems. The problems force one to display violent behaviors. This in turn leads to involvement in criminal activities (Helfgott, 2008).
Also a criminal learns new behaviors from previous actions. A criminal who has committed a crime one is not likely to commit another crime. This is because the criminal has learned from previous actions that it is bad to commit a crime. Also, the rearing environment affects young children and makes them more prone to criminal behaviors. For example, children who are brought up in violent homes grow up being violent. The children learn from the parents how to be violent. This forces the children to be violent in future. Children learn criminal behaviors through observation. Children exposed to violence do not get proper love and care. The children grow up and revenge by harming others. The children are often convicted for committing crime (Helfgott, 2008).
In addition, the children learn criminal behaviors through observation and copying personality traits. Parents who show criminal behaviors are likely to influence young children. For example, parents who use drugs teach young children how to abuse drugs. This is because the children observe the parents as they take drugs and copy them (Helfgott, 2008).
Apart from social learning theory, biological theory also explains why criminals show criminal behaviors. Biologists argue that there is a certain gene in the body that is responsible for criminal behavior. The gene is transferred from the parent to the child. The genes make young children have criminal behaviors and involve themselves in criminal activities. The advocates for biological theory claim that criminals do not learn criminal behaviors, but they are inborn. The criminals display behaviors like violent behaviors etc (Helfgott, 2008).
Also, psychological theories are used to explain why criminals show criminal behaviors. Psychologists argue that criminals show criminal behaviors due to conflict between the id, ego and superego. The three elements conflicts and result to criminal behaviors. Personality theory explains why criminals show criminal behaviors. Researchers argue that criminals lack good personality traits and this affects their behavior. For example, a person can grow up being violent and hate other people. The violent behavior and hatred makes it easy for the criminal to be involved in criminal activities (Helfgott, 2008)
Behavioral theory affects criminal justice in different ways. They make it difficulty to control crime in the society as people have different views on why criminals display criminal behaviors. Leaders should know the behavior theory and how they relate to criminal justice. This will make it easy to develop leadership strategies to address crime in the society. The strategies should incorporate the behavioral theory. The strategies should not involve only one behavioral theory, it should include multiple theories. This will help law enforcement officers, courts and other departments in criminal justice understand the criminal (Helfgott, 2008).
Planning in criminal justice system
Planning involves organizing activities and resources in the organization. Planning in criminal justice has various benefits. First, planning helps criminal justice system know the current number of correctional facilities and the amount to be added. This makes it easy for criminal justice to prevent overcrowding in jails and prisons. Most jails and prisons in the country are overcrowded. This is because leaders in criminal justice commit have not planned well. This has led to few correctional facilities in the country. Second planning in criminal justice helps allocate resources well so as to prevent misuse and attain the objectives set. Third, planning helps leaders in criminal justice system develop good policies by changing existing policies. It also helps improve the functioning of the criminal justice system (Rajeev &Allen, 2009).
Incorporating planning in criminal justice is important as it helps leaders achieve the objective set and improve policies in the organization. Also, including planning in criminal justice helps improve decision making process. Leaders are able to make clear decision using the information provided by the planning com mite. Criminal justice systems have not recognized the need to include planning in the system. This has affected the overall production of criminal justice systems. Researchers argue that planning can help overcome current problems in criminal justice. This is because planning acts as a guide to the leaders and members in the organization. For example, planning can help overcome overcrowding in jails. It also helps criminal justice systems improve service delivery. Criminals are able to get correct treatment when criminal justice systems plan well. Currently, overcrowding in jails has had adverse effects on the criminals. It has led to increase in deaths among the criminals. It has led to poor leaving conditions and increase in disease outbreak. Criminals are not provided with adequate housing, food and water. Researchers claim that overcrowding has increased tension in the jails. Thus, planning will help overcome the effects of overcrowding in jails (Rajeev &Allen, 2009).
The criminal justice system has to establish a planning team to carry out planning activities. The planning team is found under the jurisdiction of the federal government. The planning team is required to use the guidelines provided by the state to plan for the system. Planning team carries out various duties. For example, the planning team is required to identify the correctional facilities and rehabilitation centers to be improved. This makes it easy to allocate resources (Rajeev &Allen, 2009).
Also, the planning team is required to distribute funds provided by the federal government. The funds are distributed according to the needs of the departments in the criminal justice system. The departments are required to use the funds to carry out various activities like improving provision of services. The planning team develops projects and programs for different criminal justice systems. This makes the programs related (Rajeev &Allen, 2009).
Community relations in criminal justice systems
Community relations are considered to be the relationship shown by criminal justice systems and the society. The criminal justice systems are required to relate well with the public. The relation between the criminal justice system and the public has become a major concern. This is because the criminal justice system does not benefit the society, but it interferes with the society. The criminal justice system has adversely affected the society by going against the societal norms and beliefs. Law enforcement officers interact with the public regularly. This is because the law enforcement officers are required to maintain law and order. The activities of law enforcement officers have influenced the society negatively. Law enforcement officers have been blamed for excessive use of force when preventing crime. Also, the law enforcement officers have been accused of crimes like rape and interfere with societal beliefs. Further, the society has accused the law enforcement officers of excessive killing (Cronkhite, 2007).
Other departments in criminal justice have affected the society. The society has blamed correctional officers for failing to provide adequate services to the criminals. The criminals in most jails do not get good housing facility, food and water. The deaths in most jails have increased due to poor living conditions. The poor relations between the criminal justice system and the public have resulted from poor leadership in criminal justice systems. Leaders in criminal justice have not established leadership strategies to overcome the problems of various departments in the agency (Cronkhite, 2007).
Courts play an important role in criminal justice. They help settle disputes and provide ruling to a case. Most people argue that courts do not provide good solutions. This is because they encourage biasness when providing ruling and resolving disputes. This affects the effectiveness of a criminal justice system. The magistrate should carry out enough investigation concerning the cases so as to avoid biasness. He should avoid influence from other people (Cronkhite, 2007).
Leaders in criminal justice do not encourage ethical leadership. This is shown by the constant conflicts between the criminal justice system and the society. Law enforcement officers, correctional officers and other personnel do not carry pouts their duties in an ethical manner. Poor leadership in criminal justice has led to excessive use of force, rape and excessive killing in the society (Cronkhite, 2007).
Leaders in criminal justice systems need to embrace ethical leadership strategies. The strategies will help criminal justice systems related well with the community. The leadership strategies should ensure the departments in criminal justice work well. This will prevent staff from criminal justice systems from affecting the society. For example, leaders should provide proper training to the staff. They should train the staff how to carry out their duties in an ethical manner. Law enforcement officers are required to maintain law and order in the society. They are allowed to use arms when carrying out their duties. The law enforcement agency should be trained how to protect the society from criminals in an ethical manner (Cronkhite, 2007).
Correctional officers should be trained how to provide corrections to the criminals without interfering with their rights and beliefs. They should provide criminals with basic necessities like water, food and clothing sand shelter. This will reduce the rate of deaths in the society. Leaders should act as role models to the personnel in criminal justice organization. They should show good behaviors and motivate the employees so as to avoid such behaviors. This will help prevent anti social behaviors among the employees (Cronkhite, 2007).
The community is important as it works with the police to maintain order and formulate policies to prevent crime in the society. The society has allowed the criminal justice system to establish policies to prevent crime. The criminal justice system is required to use the policies well so as to prevent it from interfering with the societal norms. The leaders should involve the society in peace keel0pung and formulation of the policies. This will in turn prevent unethical behaviors among law enforcement officers. Hence, the criminal justice system should promote good relations with the community (Cronkhite, 2007).
Conclusion
Criminal justice systems are aimed at maintaining law and order in the society. Also, the systems help resolve disputes and providing ruling to cases. In addition, criminal justice system help punish people who violate laws set. Leadership in criminal justice has become a major issue. This is because leaders in the systems misuse power and affect employees and the society. Most leaders employ transactional leadership style and theory. The leadership style does not encourage employees to work towards achieving the goals set. There are two types of leadership theory that are used to explain leadership in criminal justice system. They include transactional and transformational leadership. Transactional theory allows leaders to give employees rewards so as to win their attention.
Transformation theory does not allow leaders to use rewards to win the attention of the followers. They encouraged leaders to influence their followers using good leadership styles. Organizational culture helps identify the kind of leadership in the organization, the beliefs and values. Behavioral theory are used to explain why criminal show criminal behaviors. They include biological theory, personality and psychological theory. Also, social learning theory is used to explain how criminals learn behaviors. Planning in criminal justice ensures equal distribution of resources. It also helps improve facilities in the systems. It helps improve decision making in the organization. The planning team helps criminal justice systems in planning. The criminal justice system has affected the society. It does not support good relations with the society. Improving the leadership strategies in criminal justice will help improve the relationship between criminal justice and the society.
Reference
Cronkhite, C.L. (2007).Criminal Justice Administration: Strategies for the 21st Century. Jones & Bartlett Learning
Cools, M.,Kimpe, S.D., Easton, M.,&De Ruyver, B.(2009).Readings on criminal justice, criminal law & policing. Maklu
Cavadino, M., Diagnan, J. (1999).Criminal justice 2000: strategies for a new century. Waterside Press
Helfgott, J.B. (2008).Criminal behavior: theories, typologies, and criminal justice. SAGE
Purpura, P.P. (1997).Criminal justice: an introduction. Elsevier
Rajeev, S., &Allen, J.M. (2009).Administration and Management in Criminal Justice: A Service Quality Approach.SAGE
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