Literature Review on Injuries

Table of Contents

Soccer players and other athletes are exposed to a wide range of injuries. These injuries are inevitable for every player knows the game is physically demanding. The causes of knee injuries are common in athletes and non-athletes alike. It is necessary to avoid unnecessary causes of injuries, such as, avoiding crowded playgrounds that may make players collide with equipments. Some of the causes of knee injury are slippery and dusty floors. Courts with slippery floors can also cause knee injury (Sloane, 2008, p 89).

Another cause of knee injury is deliberate and incidental contact among players. Knee injury can happen during a fall leading to the twisting of the leg. It also occurs during sudden stopping, sudden change of direction and movements. When the knee ligaments get overused during sports, it makes one not to be fit to compete. The knee injury severity can be a light ligaments sparing or can be severe with tearing and this requires surgery (Rouzier, 2012).

A knee sprain can be mild, severe, or moderate. The knee ligaments that connect the bone can be damaged and results to pain. Ankle strain injury causes tear and stretching of one or more ankle joint ligaments. The common type of injury on the ankle ligaments is one the outer region of the ankle. This form of ankle sprain is the lateral ankle sprain. Ligaments at the outside region of the ankle can also be injured and the ligaments at the middle or high of the ankle. The injury of the ankle occurs through twisting of an ankle (Maffulli, & Easley, 2011).

Syndesmotic injuries do not occur frequently compared to other ankle sprains. It usually takes long to heal compared to the lateral ankle sprains (Uys, & Rijke, 2002, p 816-822). The most critical predictor of chronic ankle dysfunction in the syndesmosis injury after the injury lasting for more than six months. However, diagnostic protocols required that physical examination should be conducted, as well as stress examinations, radiographs, and MRI. This will in perfectly qualifying the damage extent of the ligaments (Wolf, & Amendola 2002, p 151-154). The severe injury of the ankle is caused by asymmetric muscle pull that can cause deformity.

The lengthening contractions of the sarcomeres within the muscle fibers region can lead to damage. This usually happens when the muscle is overstrained. Studies from animal and human muscles indicate that the damage of the muscle fiber happens with lengthening contractions. These damages include scutobular system disruption or sarcolemmal disruptive swelling. Muscle injury can also be caused by the damage of the cytoskeleton, contractile proteins distortion and abnormalities within the extracellular fibers matrix (Friden & Lieber, 2001).

Other studies have shown that the excessive amount of Ca2+ into the fiber of the muscles lead to the formation of interstitial fluid is critical condition that results to the damage of the muscles. The muscle fiber damages can be treated through the removal of Ca2+. The damaging of the muscle fiber is as a result of the fluids that enter the cells, as well as, then neutrophilis invasion of the areas. This can be due to the protein degradation in this location.A significant rise of plasma level within the muscles enzymes is caused by heavy exercises that impact on the muscles. The enzymes are mainly indicated by the creatine kinase.

The brain is formed by soft tissues and covered by the spinal fluid. During head injury, the brain can move within the skull and can bang against the skull. This can cause bruising of the brain, nerves injury, and tearing of the blood vessels. This leads top concussion. This leads to temporary malfunctioning of the brain. Concussions commonly occur in the United States. In every 21 seconds, a person gets serious brain injury. The majority of people experiencing concussions are people involved in sports.

High contact sports such as hockey, boxing, and football can lead to high cases of head injury despite them using head gears. Other causes of concussions include car accident, falls, balding mishaps, bike, and physical violence. Severe concussion leads to brain swelling and can lead to long-term disabilities. Severe concussion can also lead to death. The symptoms of concussions have to be mastered so that one gets adequate treatment (Niskala 2012).

Reference

Sloane, P (2010) essentials of family medicine. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. p 551

Rouzier, P (2012) Knee Sprain. Health source consumer for relay

Wolf B, 7 Amendola A (2002) Syndesmosisis injuries in the athlete. How and when to moderate. Vol 13, p 151-154.

Maffulli, N & Easley, M (201) Minimally Invasive Surgery of the Foot and Ankle. p 296

Uys H & Rijke a (2002) Clinical association of acute lateral ankle sprain with syndesmotic involvement. A stress radiotherapy and magnetic resonance imaging Sports medical journal, Vol 30, p 816-822.

Friden J & Lieber R (2001) Eccentric exercise–induced injuries to contractile and cystosketal muscle fiber components. Vol 171 p 321-326

Niskala J (2012) Pediatric and Adolescent Concussion. Springer publishers, p 45

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