Matrix
Schizophrenia and Psychosis
Major DSM IV-TR categories of schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a condition associated with mental disorder. The disorder is characterized by abnormal expression of reality and also in perception. The symptoms are manifested as bizarre delusions disorganized speech and thinking, auditory hallucinations and paranoia. Such a patient suffers significant occupational dysfunction and social dysfunction. Schizophrenia is subdivided into five sub classes under the DSM-IV-TR. Currently DS-IKV-TR defines schizophrenia in terms of constellation of behavioral and cognitive symptoms. These symptoms may last for a period six to more months leading to significant daily life activity impairment. First, there is the disorganized type also known as hebephrenic. This type is thought to be an extreme expression of the disorganized syndrome which is one of the three-factor model of symptoms in schizophrenia (Liddle, 1987, p 145-51). This category is also categorized with delusions and hallucinations that significantly distort reality. There is also poverty of speech, blunting of emotion and lack of spontaneous movement. The second type is the paranoid type. It is the most common type of schizophrenia. One is relatively stable with occurrences of delusion and paranoia. There are perceptual disturbances and auditory variety characterized by hearing voices. There is also perceptual disturbance that affects speech and volition leading to catatonic symptoms. The third category is the catatonia type. It syndromes of motor logical and psychological disturbance. This category is associated with psychiatric conditions such as bipolar disorder, depression, post –traumatic stress disorder and schizophrenia- catatonic type.
It is also associated with drug abuse or overdose and mental disorders. Patients with medical conditions such as focal neurological lesions including strokes , autoimmune disorders and metabolic disturbance usually suffer from catatonia (Deuschle, 2001, p 41-42). The symptoms can occur due to reaction of some prescribed medication.There is the undifferentiated type in which psychotic symptoms are presented but there is no presentation of paranoia, disorganized psychomotor and nether the catatonic type. This is the fourth category under DSM code 295.9/ICD CODE F20.3. Lastly there is the residual type where the positive symptoms are present at low intensity. This first category his under DSM code 265.6/ICD code F20.5. ICD-10 has two additional subtypes, the Post-schizophrenic depression and the simple schizophrenia. The Post-schizophrenic depression is a depressive episode that arises as an aftermath of schizophrenic illness. The symptoms are however of a very low level. The simple Schizophrenia is a progressive and insidious development of prominent negative symptoms. It occurs to those patients with no any background history of psychotic episodes.
Psychosis
This is a state of being profoundly out of touch with reality. A patient suffers from psychosis experience delusions our hallucinations (Hansel & Damour, 2005, p 393). This conditions common in many mental disorders associated with schizophrenia (Hansel & Damour, 2005, p 398). In simple terms it means the abnormal condition of the mind which involves loss of contact with reality. Patients exhibit personality changes and change of thought. Psychosis depends on severity that may be accompanied by bizarre behaviors and unusual behaviors. The psychotic may also suffer from impairment in carrying out daily life activities and social interactions.Symptoms of psychosis can be caused by distress that affect the central nervous system causes by internal physiologic illness and external poisons. Therefore, psychosis is an extreme state of consciousness usually beyond normal experiences. Such people usually have distressing experiences There are many indicative variety of psychosis that affects people differently. Some of the psychosis disorders are unrelated to medical condition for example people experience hallucinations related to paranormal experiences or religious experiences (Tien, 1991, p 127-92).
Lifespan development
The most common DSM-1V-TR childhood disorders are caused by learning disorders, mental retarded ness, attention deficit , pervasive development disorders and disruptive behavior disorders. Schizoaffective disorder is a description of mental disorder that recurrently occurs with episodes of depressed mood that concurrently occurs with distortion of perception(WHO, ICD-10, 2007). This condition affects emotion and cognition. The most typical characteristics are bizarre delusion, paranoia, hallucinations or disorganized thinking and speech thus affecting occupational and social dysfunction. An individual may have either hypomanic , manic or mixed episode leading to the division of Schizoaffective disorder into bipolar or depressive types.The condition has very low percentage of less than one to being a lifetime prevalence condition (Kaplan & Saddock, 2007, p.501-502). Treatment is based on observable condition and experiences undergone by a patient. Research has shown that people with schizoaffective disorder have favorable e prognosis than those suffering from schizophrenia . It is only worse for those patients suffering from (Kaplan & Saddock, 2007, 502). Genetics, neurobiology, psychological, early environment and social process are the contributing factors to Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia occurs equally in females and males. But typicality it appears early ages of men (20-28) than females (26-32) (Castle, Wessely & Der, 1991, p 790-4). The prevalence of schizophrenia is rare in middle aged, the old and children. It is estimated that only 1% is the proportion of individuals expected to experience the disease at any point of their life. However, recent studies have indicated that the prevalence is 0.55 % (Goldner, Hsu, Waraich, and Somers 2002, p 833-43).Stimulant psychosis appears more to people who abuse drugs and alcohol. Psychotic recurrence occurs after medical prescription. Theories have come up to explain the occurrence of the condition. First, there is the association of psychotic symptoms with ones perception from internally generated experiences and thought for intake symptoms like hearing voices arise from internally generated speech that is mislabeled by a psychotic patients as voices coming from outside sources. Patients with bipolar disorder have been known to have increased activity on the left hemisphere of the brain compared to the right hemisphere. Persons with schizophrenia have increased activity on the right hemisphere (Lohr, & Caligiuri, 1997, p 191-8). Those active on the right hemisphere in normal people have high levels of reported cases of mystical experiences and paranormal beliefs.
Reference
Liddle P (1987) the symptoms of chronic schizophrenia. A re-examination of the positive-negative dichotomy. British Journal of Psychiatry, p, 145-51.
Deuschle M, Lederbogen F (2001). Benzodiazepine withdrawal-induced catatonia. Pharmacopsychiatry, p 41–2.
Tien, A (1991) Distribution of hallucinations in the population. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, Springer’s Berlin Publisher Vol 6, p 287–92.
WHO, ICD-10, (2007), international statistics classification of diseases and related health problems. Retrieved from
http://apps.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/
On June 2, 2010
Kaplan, H & Saddock A (2007). Synopsis of Psychiatry. New York: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, p 501-502
Castle D, Wessely S, Der G, & Murray M (1991) the incidence of operationally defined schizophrenia in Camberwell, 1965-84″. The British Journal of Psychiatry, p 790–4.
Goldner M, Hsu L, Waraich P, & Somers M (2002) Prevalence and incidence studies of schizophrenic disorders: a systematic review of the literature”. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry,Pubmed publishers’ p, 833–43
Lohr, B; Caligiuri P (1997) Lateralized hemispheric dysfunction in the major psychotic disorders: historical perspectives and findings from a study of motor asymmetry in older patients. Schizophrophrenia Research medical publishers, p191–8.
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